Hydrogen is the first element in the periodic table, as if born with an unusual position. What is the unusual "great supernatural power" of this smallest atom in nature? We take everyone into the world of hydrogen, review the past and present life of hydrogen, and look forward to the future of hydrogen. During the discovery of hydrogen in the sixteenth century, hydrogen seemed to have unusual characteristics: "Putting iron filings into sulfuric acid will produce bubbles, which will rise like a cyclone. The British chemist Cavendish discovered that if it was mixed with air, it would explode in the event of Mars.
In 1787, the French chemist Lavoisier officially proposed that "hydrogen" is an element, because the product of hydrogen combustion is water, so it is named "Hydrogenium" in Latin.
In fact, from these early and most basic studies, we can intuitively understand the various characteristics of hydrogen: first, it is easy to produce in large quantities; second, it can burn and explode; third, the product is water. This shows that a new type of easily produced green high-energy fuel has been discovered. This is hydrogen-an element that will have a major impact on humanity today and in the future.
Now, hydrogen has become an important industrial raw material. About two-thirds of the hydrogen produced in the world is used in the ammonia synthesis industry; the oxyhydrogen flame of hydrogen burning in oxygen reaches a high temperature of 3000 ℃, which can be used to melt and cut metals; use hydrogen The energy generated during the fusion of the nuclear isotopes of deuterium and tritium can produce hydrogen bombs; liquid hydrogen, as the most ideal rocket fuel, mixed with liquid oxygen can produce a specific impulse of approximately 350; the United States proposed in 2002 "Plan", hydrogen fuel cells have been used in modern vehicles such as high-speed vehicles, buses, and submarines in just over a decade.
However, this is far from the limit of hydrogen utilization. In the past 100 years, scientists have carried out research for another thing, this is "metallic hydrogen." In 1935, Princeton University Wigner and Huntington predicted that under certain high pressure, hydrogen may become an alkali metal; in 1968, Ashcroft raised doubts that according to the BCS theory, metal hydrogen may be a high-temperature superconductor. According to the latest research progress, the laboratory has synthesized hydride high-temperature superconducting materials with superconducting transition temperatures above 200 K, which were selected as the top ten scientific breakthroughs in 2019 by Nature magazine. The room temperature superconducting dream of metal hydrogen may be really achievable.
However, the synthesis of metal hydrogen is extremely difficult, and the research of metal hydrogen is also tortuous in the dispute. As far as the synthesis conditions are concerned, the synthesis of metal hydrogen at room temperature requires extreme pressures higher than 400 GPa, which is even much higher than the pressure of 360 GPa in the center of the earth's core. In 2017, the Harvard research team announced the synthesis of the first metal hydrogen in human history. However, this result was questioned by many scientists at the international high-pressure scientific and technological conference in August of that year. The latest research results of German scientists in 2019 indicate that hydrogen under the same pressure may still be a semimetal.
In order to solve the above problems, the scientific research team of the Extreme Environment Quantum Matter Center (Hereinafter referred to as the "Quantum Center Team") of the Institute of Solid Physics of the Hefei Academy of Material Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences combined with diamond countertop anvil devices and pulsed laser heating technology to seek extreme high temperature and high pressure conditions The possibility of synthesizing fluid metal hydrogen.
The study found that under the co-drive of pressure and temperature, hydrogen molecules will gradually dissociate into hydrogen atoms, accompanied by an insulator-semiconductor-metal transition. Ultrafast broadband supercontinuum spectroscopy helped the researchers to measure the absorption and reflection characteristics of hydrogen samples during the continuous phase transition in situ.
After analysis of the results of multiple rounds of experiments, the results show that the hydrogen sample exhibits a strong metallic reflective luster under the temperature and pressure conditions above 150 GPa-3000 K, and its reflectivity is up to 50%, which proves that the fluid metal hydrogen is synthesized. "Metal hydrogen" is considered to be the "Holy Grail" in the field of high pressure, and its research has been promoting the continuous development and improvement of high-pressure experimental technology and theoretical simulation in the past few decades. The successful synthesis of fluid metal hydrogen benefits from the perfect combination of high-temperature and high-pressure experimental technology and ultra-fast spectroscopic detection. This is the study of the light-material insulator-metal transition since the quantum center team successfully synthesized the high-energy material "metal nitrogen" in 2018. Another breakthrough.
Metal hydrogen can help superconducting materials to get rid of the low temperature burden, so that it can be used in a wider environment. For example, using metal hydrogen to transmit electricity can eliminate large substations and the transmission efficiency is above 99%, which greatly improves the world's electricity The utilization rate reduces the transportation cost; if the generator is made of metal hydrogen, its weight is less than 10% of the weight of the ordinary generator, and the output power can be increased by dozens or even hundreds of times. Not only that, metal hydrogen is a green high-energy fuel, it is currently known as the conventional fuel with the highest energy density. Its energy is stored in chemical bonds, and a large amount of energy can be released without oxygen combustion. If it can form a fuel cell and apply it to modern Transportation, the city will become very clean.
Perhaps the door of the metal hydrogen treasure has slowly opened to us.
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