First, the nutritional characteristics of fruit trees
1. Years of growth, different nutrient requirements in each period
The growth period of fruit trees can be roughly divided into: young age, early fruiting, fruiting, renewal and aging.
Young age (before flowering results): This season requires less fertilizer, but is very sensitive to fertilizer. It is necessary to apply more organic fertilizer; fertilizer should be applied to phosphate fertilizer; appropriate application of potassium fertilizer; control of application of nitrogen fertilizer.
The initial fruiting period (flowering result - before economic production): It is the period from vegetative growth to reproductive growth. If the growth of vegetative growth is strong, the main fertilizer is phosphate fertilizer, with potassium fertilizer, and less nitrogen fertilizer; if the nutrient growth is weak, the phosphate fertilizer is the main, the nitrogen fertilizer application amount is appropriately increased, and the potassium fertilizer is applied.
Fruiting period (a large number of results period): The purpose of fertilization is to promote high-quality and high-yield, maintain a strong growth, properly adjust the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium according to the yield and tree potential, and pay attention to the application of trace element fertilizer, cultivate fruit trees for many years, and the soil pH is low ( Soils with pH < 5.5 should pay attention to the application of calcium fertilizer and magnesium fertilizer medium element fertilizer.
Update period and aging period: Partial application of nitrogen fertilizer to prolong the fruiting period.
2 , storage nutrition has an important impact on the growth of fruit trees
The storage nutrient characteristics of fruit trees reduced the direct effect of fertilization on the fruit trees in the current season, but increasing the storage nutrient level of fruit trees by fertilization had an important effect on the high yield and stable yield of fruit trees. In the whole growing season, we should pay attention to balanced fertilization and root dressing, while paying attention to thinning flowers and thinning, controlling the growth of new shoots to reduce the inefficient consumption of nutrients. Early application of base fertilizer before fruit harvesting is a key measure to improve storage nutrition.
3 , vegetative growth and reproductive growth are highly competitive in the absorption of nutrients
Good vegetative growth of saplings is the basis of flowering during the life cycle. In the orchard with sufficient organic fertilizer, less nitrogen fertilizer can be applied and more phosphorus fertilizer should be applied. However, it is necessary to pay attention to the application of nitrogen fertilizer in poor soil; at the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the top dressing. When vegetative growth proceeds to a certain stage (the sign of apple and pear is more than 20 cm in trunk circumference ), it is necessary to promote the transformation of vegetative growth to reproductive growth in time. The soil fertilization is mainly phosphorus and potassium, with little or no nitrogen fertilizer. Foliar fertilization is mainly nitrogen in the early stage, and phosphorus and potassium are the main in the middle and late stages. In the fruit-bearing period, the fruit trees should be combined with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to increase the amount of nitrogen and potassium to meet the needs of fruit growth and maintaining a robust tree.
Fruit tree nutrition can be divided into four periods in the annual cycle:
Use storage nutrient period (early spring): increase ground temperature and promote root activity.
Storage nutrients and the annual utilization of nutrients in the current year (early spring - flowering fruit): thinning flowers and thinning fruit to reduce nutrient ineffective consumption, appropriate early fertilization, early nutrient supply period.
Use the vegetative period of the current year (flowering fruit-harvesting): prevent the branches from continuing to grow, adjust the branch type composition, ensure the supply of nutrients, and adjust the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer application according to the tree potential.
Nutrient accumulation storage period (before fruit harvesting - before defoliation): In this period, the nutrients in the leaves are returned to the branches and roots. It is necessary to prevent the autumn shoots from prolonging, harvest the fruits in time, protect the autumn leaves, and apply the base fertilizer early.
4 , the two components of the rootstock affect the nutrition of fruit trees
Screening high-yield and high-quality rootstock combinations to reduce or overcome nutritional disorders and improve nutrient utilization.
5 , orchard soil site conditions are closely related to fruit tree nutrition
It is necessary to improve the nutrient content of the soil, improve the proportion of nutrients, and also adjust the soil's aeration, pH and other properties, in addition to pay attention to improve the environmental conditions such as sunlight and air circulation.
6, fruit quality and fertilization close
Second, fruit tree fertilization technology
1. Fruit fertilization principle
First: the combination of land and fertilization, organic and inorganic combination; second: the combination of soil and roots and fertilization; third: balanced fertilization; fourth: according to the growth of fertilizer application and nutrient ratio.
2 , fruit tree nutrition diagnosis method      Â
It includes three methods: tree phase diagnosis, plant tissue analysis diagnosis and soil diagnosis.
Grading index of soil organic matter and nutrient content in orchard in Shandong Province
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Nutrient type     Very low     low  medium     suitable     Higher
Organic matter  %     < 0.6    0.6 - 1.0       1.0 - 1.5       1.5 - 2.0       > 2.0
Total nitrogen N % Â Â Â Â < 0.04 Â Â 0.04 - 0.06 Â Â 0.06 - 0.08 Â Â 0.08 - 0.10 Â Â > 0.1
Fast-acting nitrogen N mg/kg  < 50     50 - 75  75 - 95  95 - 110 > 110
Effective phosphorus P   Mg/kg  < 10     10 - 20  20 - 40  40 - 50  > 50
Quick-acting potassium K mg/kg  < 50     50 - 80  80 - 100       100-150 > 150
Effective zinc Zn mg/kg  < 0.3    0.3 - 0.5       0.5 - 1.0       1.0 - 3.0       > 3.0
Effective boron B 　 Mg/kg  < 0.2    0.2 — 0.5     0.5 — 1.0       1.0 — 1.5     > 1.5
Effective iron Fe mg/kg       < 2       2 - 5     5 - 10    10 - 20  > 20
Note: According to the recent ( 2002 - 2005 ) results of soil nutrient surveys in some orchards, Shannong Da Jiang Yuanmao (1996), and consider the appropriate soil nutrient requirements for apples.
3 , the fertilization period of fruit tree annual cycle nutrition (taking fruit trees in the fruiting period as an example)
1 base fertilizer application period    The base fertilizer is applied immediately after harvesting in autumn, and the base fertilizer in autumn is beneficial to root absorption.
Receipt, promote leaf photosynthetic efficiency, increase carbohydrate accumulation, is the basis of apple orchard fertilization. The base fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer, combined with the application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. According to the growth potential, the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is adjusted, and attention is paid to the application of trace elements and medium-quantity fertilizers.
2 before and after the early spring germination    Topdressing nitrogen fertilizer; if the base fertilizer is not applied in the autumn of last year, it can be applied in early spring.
3 before flower bud differentiation    The effect of topdressing before flower bud differentiation on yield increase is most obvious in Shandong apple
Flower bud usually in mid-June, fertilizing should be in late May or early June, with the main nitrogen and phosphorus, potassium fertilizer distribution.
4 fruit expansion period    Fertilization is mainly based on phosphorus and potassium, and nitrogen fertilizer is generally not applied.
4 , fruit tree fertilization method
1 soil fertilization method
Circumferential fertilization, suitable for sapling application of base fertilizer; strip-shaped fertilization, suitable for densely planted orchard application of base fertilizer; radiation
Grooved fertilization, suitable for applying base fertilizer in orchard. Several fertilization methods above the fruit orchard should be used year by year.
The plastic film covers the hole storage fertilizer water, which is suitable for various orchards, and the water-saving and fertilizer-saving effect is obvious.
Fertilization in the whole garden is suitable for mature orchards with dense roots.
2 external top dressing  The nutrients are supplied by spraying the leaves and branches, or by injecting the trunk.
3 fertigation  The fertilizer is dissolved in the irrigation water and fertilized by means of a micro-irrigation system.
Third, apple tree fertilization
1. Apple's demand for mineral nutrition
The order of absorption of mineral nutrients by apples is: calcium>potassium>nitrogen>magnesium>phosphorus. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are apples
The main mineral nutrient that is essential for fruit growth, which is also the fruit, consumes a large amount, and the soil supply is insufficient, which requires continuous periodic supplementation. Calcium and magnesium are mainly found in the roots and leaves, and the content in the fruit is very small. Moreover, in the apple cultivation soil of Shandong Province, the content of calcium and magnesium can meet the needs in general, and the new orchard does not need or need to apply calcium and magnesium fertilizer every year. . However, in the orchard where apples have been cultivated for many years in the brown soil region of eastern Shandong Province, calcium and magnesium nutrition should be supplemented in time when the soil has been acidified. Trace element nutrients such as boron, zinc, iron, manganese, copper and molybdenum are also essential nutrients for apple growth. In terms of soil conditions in Shandong Province, zinc and boron in the eastern brown soil area are the most nutrients to be replenished in time, and the central and western cinnamon soils In the tidal zone, in addition to zinc and boron, iron and manganese should be added.
The demand for nitrogen in apples is divided into three periods. The first period - from germination to new shoots, accelerates to a large amount of nitrogen demand; the second period - the late stage of new shoots to stable nitrogen demand before harvest; third Period - fruit harvesting period to deciduous nitrogen storage period. Apple tree annual nutrition has a stable demand for phosphorus, basically no peaks and lows; the demand for potassium is the largest in fruit expansion.
2 , juvenile apple tree fertilization
The newly-opened orchard is mainly organic fertilizer, and the apple tree is not used for the annual application of organic fertilizer 3000kg per mu .
4000kg . If the soil nutrient content level is in the middle range, N 0.12-0.35 kg per plant per year should be taken care of to prevent excessive growth of fruit trees caused by excessive fertilization (especially N excess). The ratio of N , P2O5 and K2O is 1.0:0.6-0.8:1.2-1.5 , and the amount of chemical fertilizer should increase with the age of the tree. Because the potassium content of soil in most newly-built orchards is insufficient, it is necessary to supplement soil potassium in apples during their infancy. If it is a dwarf rootstock apple tree, the amount of fertilizer should be reduced appropriately, and the ratios of N , P2O5 and K2O remain unchanged. Updating in the old orchards orchard soil, should be administered in an amount and ratio of height adjustment N, P2O5, K2O based on soil fertility (N, P2O5, K2O ratio generally lies in the 1.0: 0.5-0.6: 0.8). Organic fertilizers and fertilizers can be applied once a year in the fall.
3 , the fertilization of the result tree
The apple tree's fruiting period can be further divided into: initial fruit stage and fruiting stage.
In the early fruiting period, apple tree fertilization should keep sufficient application of organic fertilizer, in order to meet the needs of the canopy to continue to expand, each plant
The annual application rate of N 0.4-1.0 kg increased with the age of the tree , and the ratio of N , P2O5 and K2O was 1.0:0.6:1.1 .
According to the statistics of the main apple producing areas in Shandong Province (Yantai, Weihai, and Qingdao), the average apple yield in the peak period is close to 3000kg/ mu. According to the fertility conditions of apple-cultivated soil-brown soil, the theoretical absorption of apple nutrient ( 3.0kg , 0.8kg , 3.2kg per 1000kg of apples, N , P2O5 , K2O , respectively ), main varieties of apple trees and current cultivation practices, medium the soil fertility, apple production per 1000kg recommended administration N 7-10kg, N, P2O5, K2O application rate of 1.0: 0.5: 1.0. In the case where the soil nutrient content is too high or too low (according to the existing soil nutrient data compared with the nutrient grading index in the above table), the ratios of N , P2O5 and K2O are appropriately adjusted . For dwarf rootstock apple trees, the N amount can be used as the lower limit of the recommended amount.
The fertilization of the result tree is divided into four times, and the proportion of N , P2O5 , and K2O nutrients per fertilization should be adjusted according to the growth of the tree . The tree is weak or the flower buds are too much. In the autumn and early spring, the application amount of N fertilizer should be increased ; if the flower bud differentiation is poor, the flower bud differentiation should be promoted, and the N fertilizer should be applied before the flower bud differentiation . The four application rates of N , P2O5 , and K2O were as follows.
First fertilization: basal administered immediately after the fall harvest, the annual N 40%, P2O5 is 40%, K2O 30%, the fertilizer may be applied with basal (time fertilizer administration can last 2-3 years effective).
The second fertilizer (before the next spring bud): N of the year 30%, 10% P2O5 is, 10% K2O of.
Third fertilization (before flower bud) :( 30% of the end of May) of the year N, 30% P2O5 is, 20% K2O of.
Fourth fertilization (fruit enlargement) :( early 7) P2O5 of 20%, 40% K2O in.
4 , the application of calcium fertilizer
In the old orchard cultivated for many years, the soil is acidified, and the application of calcium fertilizer can improve the storage of the fruit, and reduce or prevent the bitter pox and water heart disease which are prone to calcium deficiency. There are many ways to apply calcium fertilizer.
The base fertilizer is calcium-containing fertilizer. For example, one or two years apart, using superphosphate (or calcium magnesium phosphate) as the base fertilizer, 50% or 70% of the annual P2O5 amount can be used as the base fertilizer.
Base application or topdressing of calcium nitrate, 15-20kg per acre (note that a certain amount of nitrogen fertilizer is also applied when calcium nitrate is applied, and these nitrogen fertilizers should be calculated into the total N fertilizer amount).
The base is applied with lime, and the specific amount should be calculated based on the total amount of exchangeable acid in the soil.
The application of calcium nitrate outside the root is a good way to supplement the calcium nutrition of the fruit tree. It can be sprayed with calcium nitrate during the fruit expansion period, generally spraying 3-4 times at a concentration of 0.3% . When magnesium fertilizer is required to be applied, the spraying concentration of magnesium sulfate is 0.08 % to 0.15 %.
5 , the application of micro-fertilizer
The application of micro-fertilizer has two forms: base application (mixed application with organic fertilizer) and external application of fertilizer. Fall application saplings yl 50-100g / borax strain, the result tree 100-150g / strain borax; zinc sulfate administered group result tree 100g / strain. Due to the fixation of trace elements in the soil, the effect of applying micro-fertilizers is often limited.
When no micro-fertilizer is applied to the base fertilizer, 0.3% borax solution is sprayed 2-3 times at the initial flowering stage and full bloom period ; 0.2-0.3% zinc sulphate solution is sprayed once every 7 to 10 days after 2-3 weeks after the full flowering period , Spray 3 times.
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