Solanaceae vegetables main diseases and control methods
(1) Tomato late blight:
Symptom recognition: It is a fungal disease. Seedlings and adult plants can be ill, which can be harmful to leaves, stems and fruits, but the leaves and green fruits in the adult stage are seriously damaged. Most of the leaf infections start from the lower leaves, forming lesions with dark green water-stained edges that are not obvious. When enlarged, they are brown. When the humidity is high, white mold appears at the junction of leaf-back disease. When dry, the disease is dry and brittle and fragile. .
Occurrence characteristics: low temperature and humidity are the main conditions for the occurrence of the disease. The temperature is between 18 and 22 ° C, and the relative humidity is 95 to 100%. The mycelium grows fastest at 20～23°C, and it is spread by airflow and rainwater. Nitrogen, insufficient base fertilizer, continuous rain, insufficient light, poor ventilation, excessive watering, and excessive density are beneficial to the disease. It is a pandemic disease that repeatedly infects many times.
Prevention and treatment method:
1. Agricultural control: select resistant varieties, pay attention to ventilation, adopt formula fertilization, rational close planting, timely pruning and clearing central diseased plants and diseased leaves.
2. Chemical control: It is effective to apply the drug in time after the discovery of the central diseased plant. The medicaments are: 50% downy mildew 800 times liquid or 25% reddore 800 times liquid spray. It can also be rooted with 50% frosting copper 600 times liquid.
(2) Tomato early blight:
Symptom recognition: It is a fungal disease. It can be attacked at the seedling stage and adult stage. It occurs at the seedling stage. The base of the stem of the seedlings has dark brown spots, which are slightly trapped and have a pattern. The onset of adulthood generally develops from the lower leaves to the upper part. The initial leaves are water-stained dark green lesions. When enlarged, they are round or irregular, with a light green or yellow halo on the edges. The center has a concentric pattern, and the disease minister has a black mold layer when it is wet. The main symptom is that the diseased part has a (concentric) wheel pattern.
Occurrence characteristics: The pathogen mainly overwinters the mycelium and conidia on the diseased body and seeds, and directly invades and propagates from the stomata, wound or epidermis through airflow, irrigation water and farming operations. The growth of the bacteria is suitable for 26-28 °C, high temperature. High humidity incidence.
Prevention and treatment method:
1. Agricultural control: rational rotation, close planting, and selection of resistant varieties.
2, chemical control: use anti-virus 矾 500 times liquid or chlorhexidine or early plague epilepsy 1000 times liquid spray, or use 5% chlorothalonil dust spray 1 kg per mu, 7 to 10 days, continuous 3 times.
(3) Tomato bacterial wilt
Symptom recognition: It is a vascular bundle disease caused by bacteria. The diseased plant recovers at noon, and it dies after 2-3 days. The plant is still cyan. The vascular bundle becomes dark brown, the pith becomes brown and rot, and white bacteria are squeezed by hand. Mucus overflows. High temperature and high humidity are good for the disease.
Occurrence characteristics: the bacteria overwinter in the sick body or soil or on the potato block, invade from the root or stem base wound by rain or irrigation water, and spread in the vascular bundle tissue in the plant, causing catheter blockage or cell poisoning, and the disease occurs. The optimum temperature is 30 to 37 ° C, and the optimum pH is 6.6. After a long rain or heavy rain, the disease is heavy.
Prevention and treatment method:
1. Water and drought rotation, cruciferous vegetables and grass crop rotation.
2, strengthen cultivation management, increase the application of lime to adjust the pH.
3, chemical control: can be used agricultural streptomycin or can be killed or green milk copper root, 0.3 kg per plant, 10 days a total of 2 to 3 times. Or spray with 1000 times liquid of black spotted rot.
(4) Tomato virus disease
Symptom recognition: It is a viral disease. There are three types, one type of mosaic, yellow and green phase or mottled mottled on the leaves, the veins are transparent, the leaves are slightly shrunken, and most of them are flower-like. 2 Fern leaf type, starting or partially becoming strips from the upper leaves, the middle and lower leaves are slightly rolled up, the petals are enlarged, and the flowers are “giantâ€, and the plants are dwarfed to varying degrees. 3 plaques: mainly expressed on fruits and stems.
Occurrence characteristics: high temperature, drought, heavy mites, plant growth, heavy sputum, etc., easily cause the disease to occur, can be transmitted through friction, snoring, bangs, etc., or through mites, mechanical transmission.
Prevention and treatment method:
1. Agricultural control: 1 Select resistant varieties. 2 Strengthen cultivation management, rational rotation, remove sick plants after harvest, and pay attention to the disinfection of hands and tools in field operations. 3 seeds were disinfected, soaked in water for 4 hours, then removed and placed in 10% trisodium phosphate solution for 20 minutes, then washed and germinated.
2, pay attention to the prevention and control of aphids: 10% imidacloprid or 0.4% of acaricidal spray to kill aphids, reduce the chance of aphid transmission. Or spray with virus Hick 800 times solution.
3, biological agent control: spray 1% soap water and 0.2% ~ 0.4% potassium dihydrogen phosphate to prevent contact infection before field operation, spray NS-83 antagonist 100 times liquid after colonization to enhance plant disease resistance Can also increase production.
(5) Pepper Diseases
Symptom recognition: It is a fungal disease, which can occur in the adult stage of seedling stage. It occurs in the seedling stage, mainly affecting the rhizome, causing the rhizome to rot, the diseased part of the body to collapse, the seedlings lodging, causing wet rot and dead vines. After planting, the leaves are infected. The lesions are round or nearly round, dark green, water-stained, and rapidly expanded to soften the leaves. After drying, the leaves turn pale brown. The leaves fall off, and after the fruit is infected, the peel becomes brown and soft, and the fruit falls off or loses water and becomes a rigid fruit remaining on the branches.
Occurrence characteristics: The bacteria overwinter on the diseased bodies and seeds, which can directly infect the base. The temperature is the fastest when the temperature is 27 ~ 30 °C. Under the conditions of less sunshine, large air humidity and small amount of soil evaporation, the disease can be affected. When immersed, it is easy to cause serious disease.
Prevention and treatment method:
1. Disinfect the seedbed soil. Use 8 or 5 grams of fine soil per square meter to mix well with the toxic bacteria or chlorothalonil. Apply 1/3 of the soil to the bed, and then leave the remaining 2/3. The soil covers the seeds.
2. Strengthen the field management, pay attention to ventilation and light transmission, prevent excessive humidity, and timely remove the diseased plants to the field for centralized treatment.
3, chemical control: after planting sprayed manganese zinc 60 times liquid protection, the initial onset with the cream epidemic 800 times liquid or metalaxyl manganese zinc 500 times liquid or 60% Anke manganese zinc 1500 times liquid spray.
(6) Tomato (Chilli, Eggplant) Gray mold disease
Symptom recognition: It is a fungal disease. Flowers, fruits, leaves and stems can be affected. The fruit is infected, the green fruit is seriously damaged, and the residual stigma or petals are infected first, and then spread to the fruit or the stalk, causing the peel to be grayish white. There is a thick gray mold layer, which is watery and rot. The path of the leaves starts from the tip of the leaf and expands inward along the veins in a "V" shape. It is yellow-brown with a striated line on the side and a clear line of disease.
Occurrence characteristics: the sclerotia in the soil or diseased bodies overwintering in summer, the temperature is 20 ~ 30 ° C, the relative humidity is above 90%, prone to occur, the flowering period is most susceptible to disease, by airflow, irrigation and farming operations from the wound, Inflammation of aging organs.
Prevention and treatment method:
1. Strengthen cultivation management, avoid watering on rainy days, control watering and fertilization after onset, focus on diseased fruits and diseased leaves, and pay attention to agricultural operation and sanitation.
2. Chemical control: Grasp the three periods of pre-transplanting, flowering, and fruit expansion. Spray the seedlings with keering or hexaping 1500 times before transplanting. The flowering period is 2-4D or anti-preparation. Add 0.1% of chlorhexidine or 0.2% to 0.3% of the metalaxyl scented flower or smear. The result is 20% Huiduofeng 1500 times solution or 50% gray mold lyophile 600 times solution or 40%. Shi Jiale 800 times liquid spray.
(7) Capsicum virus disease:
Symptom recognition: It is a viral disease. There are two main types: 1 flower leaf necrosis, caused by tobacco mosaic virus, irregular chlorosis of diseased leaves, mosaic disease of dark green and light green, and some leaves Brown necrotic spots appeared, and dark brown necrotic streaks appeared from the main veins of the leaves along the stems, causing leaves, flowers and fruits, resulting in the death of the whole plant. 2 leaf malformation, caused by cucumber mosaic virus, showed thickening of diseased leaves, small or fern-like, veins chlorotic, shrinking, uneven, linear, shortening between stems, dwarfing of plants, branches and leaves Cluster-like, the diseased fruit presents with spots or necrotic spots, deformed and easy to fall off.
Occurrence: high temperature, drought damage occurs conducive aphids, mass poisoning, reduce plant antiviral ability to contact friction virus, wound propagation (e.g. pruning, picking, etc.)
Prevention and treatment method:
1. Seed disinfection: soak in water for 2 to 3 hours, then dip with 10% trisodium phosphate for 20 to 30 minutes, wash and germination.
2. Pay attention to the use of 10% imidacloprid or 0.4% acaricidal to control aphids.
3, chemical control: the initial stage of the disease with 1.8% love more than 600 times liquid 0.004% Yunda 120 water 1500 times liquid, foliar spray, improve plant disease resistance, chemical agents have 20% virus A or 1.5% plant disease Spirit or virus Hick and so on.
(8) Eggplant plague disease
Symptom recognition: It is a fungal disease. It can be affected from the seedling stage to the adult stage. It is mainly harmful to the fruit. The fruit is more damaged than the old fruit. The water-spot-like spots appear in the initial stage, gradually expanding, and producing dense white cotton-like hyphae. The inside of the fruit becomes black and rot, and it is easy to fall off. After the fruit falls, the whole fruit rots and the white mold is rotted due to the moisture, and finally it shrinks into a stiff fruit, and the diseased leaves have obvious wheel patterns.
Occurrence characteristics: the bacteria overwinter on the diseased bodies in the soil, spread by wind and rain, the onset temperature is 28 ~ 30 ° C, the humidity is above 85%, the situation is low, the drainage is poor, the drainage is too dense, the planting is too late, Nitrogen, heavy sorghum, and long fruit-shaped cultivars are severe.
Prevention and treatment method
1. Agricultural control: increase phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, improve resistance, focus on diseased fruits in the field, and rotate with melons and beans.
2, chemical control: initial spray protection. Use 25% metalaxyl 800 times solution or 64% antivirus 矾 400 times solution or 20% huiduofeng 1000 times solution, spray once every 7 to 10 days, 2 times in succession.
(9) Side multi-food line 螨
Morphological characteristics: arachnidae, scorpionidae, scorpionidae. The worms are small, difficult to find with the naked eye, and the symptoms are somewhat similar to viral or physiological diseases.
Harmful characteristics: can damage eggplant, pepper, tomato, melon, beans, radish and so on. The nymphs are concentrated in the young parts of the host's young shoots, young leaves, flowers, young fruits, etc., especially the unexpanded buds, leaves and flowers. The damaged leaves are thickened, stiffened, narrowed and narrowed. Brown, oily, leaf margin curled downward, young stems brown, clumped or bald, flower buds deformed, fruit brown brown, dull, cracked fruit, plant dwarf.
Prevention and treatment method:
1. Agricultural control: lower the base of the winter insects, do a good job in the prevention and control of the pests, and remove the dead branches and leaves of the fields, and burn them intensively.
2, drug control: the initial stage of the spray with 73% gram or 15% fluorenone or 1% avidin 1000 times solution. Pay attention to the back of the young leaves of the sprayed plants, the tender stems, the flowers, the growth points and the young fruit.
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